I always wondered how large web applications were built! I discovered the secret a while back and it became my passion. After experiencing the advantages and pains of using Micro-Frontends at scale, I have decided to document this journey and share some of the “best practices”.

This is an opinionated list of best practices when designing applications that follow the Micro-frontend pattern. Each “rule” should be examined and its benefits/downsides evaluated against your specific use case.

Zero coupling between Micro-frontends

To achieve the benefits of this architecture, accidental coupling should be avoided as much as possible; this will unlock the flexibility and scalability that the Micro-Frontend pattern has to offer as well as future-proofing your applications by allowing incremental upgrades or future complete rewrites of parts of your application.

Each Micro-frontend should be able to render in isolation or inside a container application. The data required should be loaded by each Micro-Frontend and avoid data waterfalls.

Do:

• ✅ Share libraries that can be swapped without affecting other Micro-frontends.
• ✅ Load all the data it needs to render.

Do Not:

• ❌ Have a centralised store/share data across different Micro-Frontends.
• ❌ Share libraries that are in active development.

Separate Code Bases

Each Micro-Frontend should have its own codebase and the version control of choice shouldn’t have any impact on the way the project is developed or deployed. Having all projects under a single monorepo or individual repositories is fine.

Do:

• ✅ Use Monorepos.
• ✅ Use individual repos.

Each Micro-frontend should be deployed independently

Each Micro-Frontend should have it’s own CI / CD pipeline and be able to deploy to production on demand without any dependencies on other Micro-frontends. A common antipattern that should be avoided is “The deployment queue of hell” where different Micro-frontends are so tightly coupled that they need to be deployed in a specific order to avoid breaking the application.

Do:

• ✅ Have separate CI / CD pipelines.
• ✅ Release on demand.

Do Not:

• ❌ Have Release schedules.
• ❌ Have incremental/sequential deployments that require previous versions.

Micro-Frontends should be tested Independently

Because Micro-Frontends are required to render independently as well as inside a container application, it makes sense to also test them independently using unit and integration tests for both scenarios.

Do:

• ✅ Have unit and integration tests for each Micro-Frontend rendering in isolation.
• ✅ Run integration tests for Micro-Frontends rendering inside the container applications as part of end-to-end testing.

Micro-Frontends should be versioned

When a new Micro-Fronted is deployed to production, the previous version should not be deleted and the new version should be tagged with a version number using semantic versioning or similar. It is up to the container applications to decide what specific version of a particular Micro-Frontend to use (Managed) or always use the latest version instead (Evergreen).

Do:

• ✅ Use Semantic versioning.
• ✅ Use a specific version or “latest”.

Do Not:

• ❌ Require a global deployment to change versions.
• ❌ Delete previous versions.

Minimal Communication

Communication between Micro-Frontends should be minimal and simple, avoiding global state and framework-specific solutions as much as possible.

If two or more Micro-Frontends are sharing a lot of messages to provide their minimal functionality, they might be too tightly coupled and they could share a similar enough purpose that they should be considered to be integrated into one.

Do:

• ✅ Keep messages small and simple.
• ✅ Avoid state and communication frameworks if possible.

Do Not:

• ❌ Share state.
• ❌ Have unnecessary communication.

CSS should be scoped

CSS from loaded from one Micro-fronted should not affect others.

Do:

• ✅ Scope your CSS.
• ✅ Use a CSS-in-JS or namespacing library (like CSS Modules).

Do Not:

• ❌ Use global CSS.

Final Recommendations

• ✅ Try to create autonomous teams.
• ✅ Try to arrange your Micro-Frontends around business functionality.
• ✅ Reusability is a nice “side effect” not the target.
• ❌ Don’t Force this architectural style just because it is “new”.
• ❌ You don’t need multiple javascript frameworks.
• ❌ You don’t need a “micro-frontend framework”.
• ❌ Micro-Frontends don’t have to be “micro”.